Ledger · the file as text
Gaps
What was researched to close each gap, and what stayed open.
Still open
213a. Aswar Multi Activities <-> Giad via Meroe Gold
No direct documentary tie. OCCRP's leaked contracts show Aswar as Meroe's security contractor and a military-owned 'SMT' as Meroe's licence partner; OCCRP expands SMT as 'Sudan Mineral Trading', Chatham House names Sudan Master Technology at Block 3A. So both dealt with Meroe, and both sit under the Defense Industries System, but nothing shows a contract, payment or shareholding between Aswar and Giad/SMT.
›What was searched
OCCRP article read directly; Chatham House text; C4ADS dataset (no Aswar Multi Activities node; 'Aswar Oil and Gas' is a Sudapet company and unrelated on its face); 1 search.
4. Turkish trade registry gazette reporting
ticaretsicil.gov.tr refuses connections. One search for 'Zawaya Gida Ticaret' found no gazette entry. Janes (citing the gazette of 22 June 2021) confirms the Qatari committee's 49.9% of BMC, which is not a Sudan link.
›What was searched
1 search; 1 fetch.
4. UAE free-zone public registers
No free-zone register could be queried by fetch (DMCC and JAFZA pages load but search is script-driven). Only the OpenCorporates Dubai hit for Expresso was obtained. One search for Dubai affiliates of Giad/SMT/DIS returned only sanctions notices; the UK record for Red Rock gives a Sudan address.
›What was searched
1 search; 2 page loads.
4. Malaysian SSM reporting
SSM search needs a login; no search spent. OpenCorporates shows only an unrelated dissolved 'Zawaya Sdn. Bhd.' (Kuantan).
›What was searched
OpenCorporates only.
4. Egypt GAFI
gafi.gov.eg loads but offers no public company search by fetch; no gazette notice for the Egyptian-Sudanese Company found.
›What was searched
1 Arabic search; site load.
NamesEgypt
Egyptian companies that supplied explosives to TMAC (OFAC sb0544)
Not named. Egypt's customs returns narrow the window: the only wartime explosives-related export declared to Sudan is HS 3603 worth USD 485,821 in June 2024.
›What was searched
Two web searches (English, Arabic); UN Comtrade monthly data 2023-2025; Sudan Tribune, Sky News Arabia, Euronews Arabic and Al Khaleej coverage of the designation (headlines and one summary). Not searched: Egyptian export registers or bill-of-lading data (aggregators blocked).
Emirati company that supplied uniforms and footwear to Ports Engineering
Not named. FRANCE 24 refers to an Emirati maker of intelligence-service uniforms and shoes in the Ports Engineering import records without naming it in the text read; the name may appear in its video or in C4ADS data.
›What was searched
Two web searches (English, French); FRANCE 24 English text; C4ADS release. Not opened: the FRANCE 24 video and French page (robots-blocked).
NamesUAEPorts Engineering
3d. Bank of Khartoum / Bankak in state payments
Nothing new beyond pass 1-2 (Chatham House, STPT, Reuters note that Dubai Islamic Bank is the largest shareholder).
›What was searched
Covered incidentally; no dedicated search within the cap.
3e. Omdurman National Bank - post-2019 ownership and annual reports
No annual report after 2019 or shareholder list found. Only the February 2026 statement on three new correspondent relationships in one unnamed country.
›What was searched
One Arabic and one English search; Sudan Tribune Feb 2026. onb-sd.com not retried (TLS error in pass 1).
NamesONB
7. Diaspora and domestic fundraising for the Popular Resistance and Islamist brigades; charity registration or enforcement
Nothing found. No named platform, charity or donor; no UK, US, Turkish or Qatari enforcement action.
›What was searched
5 web searches (EN/AR), including UK Charity Commission inquiries; Al Araby TV, The New Arab. Charity registers themselves were not queried by name because no candidate name emerged.
Norin Mining - Norinco parentage
The norin_mining record says the company is "reported to belong to the NORINCO group" but cites no source for it; GLEIF shows the parent as non-public. No edge was written.
›What was searched
Desk review of the actor files only; no web search (cap 0).
NamesNorinco
Head of the Sudanese Cotton Company
The cotton-company record (Ayin, Oct 2025) names Lt Gen Abu Bakr Dambalab as head; the Zadna record (state news agency, June 2026) names Lt Gen Dr Nasr-Eddin Abdel-Fattah as director-general. The two are not reconciled.
›What was searched
Desk review only.
NamesSudanese CottonZadna
Maker of the Mohafiz vehicles reported delivered in 2026
heavy_industries_taxila is named as maker; the Pakistan record notes Sudan Tribune attributes the vehicles to Pakistan Ordnance Factories.
›What was searched
Desk review only.
NamesPakistan
US State Department statement on the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood (March 2026)
The IRGC-training statement attached to the Brotherhood rests on press reports; the Federal Register notices give no reasons. The Iran - Brotherhood relationship is therefore graded C.
›What was searched
Desk review of verification_notes.md; primary statement was not found by the verification thread.
Omdurman National Bank - identity of the 'three correspondent relationships in a single country' (Feb 2026)
Lead only: the central bank governor reported in February 2026 that correspondent relations were created between the Central Bank of Oman and 'a number of Sudanese banks'. No source names Omdurman National Bank or the Omani banks; the bank's own page (May 2025 - Oct 2026) carries no post on correspondents.
›What was searched
Prime minister's office page; ONB page (about 750 posts).
NamesONB
Register: Türkiye
No official register could be searched. ITO's name search is reCAPTCHA-gated; the trade registry gazette, MERSIS, TOBB and the Ankara and İzmir chambers are unreachable from this environment. KAP's listed-company list has none of the dossier's Turkish names (expected: they are unlisted). No register record obtained for Baykar, Sarsılmaz, Karmetal, Zawaya Gıda or Sur's Turkish partners.
›What was searched
ITO page and scripts (endpoints identified, CAPTCHA not solved); ticaretsicil.gov.tr; mersis; tobb.org.tr and subdomains; atonet; izto; KAP list for 11 names; OpenCorporates (no TR data); 2 web searches (Karmetal gazette notice; Sur's Turkish partners).
Register: Egypt
GAFI has no public company search or gazette viewer reachable without login; the civil aviation ministry publishes no operator list; no incorporation notice found for the Egyptian-Sudanese Company, Shalateen or the state shareholders. Sky Vision's certificate number (AOC No. 94) comes from its own site; Air Master's certificate date from trade press.
›What was searched
gafi.gov.eg (app bundle, content API, portal); civilaviation.gov.eg; ecaa.gov.eg (blocked); 1 Arabic web search for a register or gazette notice; company sites.
NamesEgyptAir Master
Names group 2: intermediaries and suppliers
No register entry found for Bond Technologies FZE, Rashed Omar Brokerage, Wardat Al Masarra Trading, Sudamina, Yellow Sand Trading, Apollara Electronics Trading, S B L Overseas Trading, SBL International Trading FZCO, Astraway FZC, Emiral Resources or Atlas International Business in the registers that answered; the registers where they would most likely sit could not be queried. Kaloti: two active DMCC companies recorded (context). Portex Trade Limited (Hong Kong) unchanged. Karmetal, Baykar, Sarsılmaz: no Turkish register access. Egyptian state companies: no register access.
›What was searched
DMCC; OpenCorporates; CBUAE register; 1 web search on the prosecuted companies (press only).
Belarus general agreement: date
The dossier dates it 7 May 2026; the finance ministry's Facebook page says 9 May 2026.
NamesBelarus
Beijing energy agreements: counterparty name
An earlier record names a "CCCC group"; the Defense Industries System page and Burhan's page name China Energy. To reconcile against the original announcements.
Ports Engineering: name of the director
The name was removed earlier as press-only. It now appears in an official Defense Industries System post of 4 March 2024. Left out pending an editorial decision.
NamesPorts EngineeringDIS
Partly filled
371a. Qatari Armed Forces Manufacturing Committee - 30% of Sur International Investment
Identified as a Qatari armed-forces industrial body (probably the Qatar Armed Forces Industry Committee that also holds 49.9% of Türkiye's BMC - name match). Sur founded 2003 by Sudan's Ministry of Defence and Turkish investors; Qatari forces joined June 2013; factory inaugurated by the Qatari defence minister in January 2017. Stake appears in the 2019-2021 inventory. Whether it is still held is unknown. No wartime link found: basis 'context'.
›What was searched
C4ADS dataset; Defence Turkey; Qatar Tribune, Peninsula, Gulf Times; Fibre2Fashion; Janes; bianet (summary); 3 English and 3 Arabic searches; Cyprus register and OpenCorporates for 'Sur International'. Sudan Tribune article on Sur returned HTTP 403; Qatar's Ankara embassy page failed TLS.
1b. Syrian Military Housing Corporation - 50% of Sudanese Syrian Housing and Development
Name matches Syria's Military Housing Establishment (MILIHOUSE), a defence-ministry public works company sanctioned by the EU since 2011 and still listed on 3 Oct 2026. Joint company reg. 17715 (about 2001 by number); Sudanese side is the Military Housing Fund. Activity, date, capital and current status not found. No wartime link: basis 'context'.
›What was searched
C4ADS dataset; OpenSanctions export; 3 searches (2 Arabic, 1 English) - no report of the joint company anywhere.
1c. Egyptian shareholders of the Egyptian-Sudanese Company; NSPO question
Resolved on the press record: the Ministry of Supply statement of 4 June 2021 gives the 25% to the National Service Projects Organization; Al Mal's 'National [company for] reclamation' is an NSPO subsidiary and Al Mal itself lists the NSPO as signatory. Holding Company for Food Industries 25% and South Valley Development 10% confirmed. Not settled by any register or gazette.
›What was searched
Al Mal (2 articles), Hapi Journal, Amwal Al Ghad read directly in Arabic; wiki mirror of NSPO subsidiaries; 3 Arabic searches incl. one for a commercial-register or Investment Gazette notice (nothing). GAFI site reachable but has no public company search. Al Bawaba (July 2026) returned HTTP 403; three Amwal Al Ghad short links returned HTTP 500.
1e. Al Zawaya Group - subsidiaries in Türkiye, Spain, Cyprus, Austria, Egypt
Spain: Al Zawaya Group for Development and Investment S.L., NIF B72884711 (OFAC). Türkiye: Zawaya Gida Ticaret Limited Sirketi (Kharon; not found in registry reporting). Cyprus: Matz Holdings Limited HE 157551 (Hamza 10% via Zawaya per ICIJ), now struck off. Egypt: the interest is Matz Holdings' two gold concessions (Hammash named); no Egyptian subsidiary name found. Austria: not identified.
›What was searched
OFAC SDN XML; Treasury release jy1816; Kharon; ICIJ; CNN; Dabanga; Cyprus register (official) and OpenCorporates; OpenSanctions export; 3 searches. Austrian Firmenbuch is paid; Turkish registry unreachable.
2. Bridge companies with no profile - mined from the C4ADS dataset
Profiles written for Sheikan, Brouj, Shining Transport, Sudanese Free Zones and Markets, Wafra, Karari, Safat, Yarmouk, Saria, Military Commercial Corporation, the Charitable Organization/Authority, the Martyr Organization, Advanced Mining Works, Rida Engineering and Hypokwan Mining, with shareholders, percentages, registration numbers and dates where the dataset has them. Sudanese Free Zones is not military-controlled on this evidence. Rida Engineering's owners are unknown. Almost nothing on wartime activity could be added: Yarmouk reported taken by the RSF in June 2023 (weak source); Safat's wartime role not found.
›What was searched
Whole dataset queried (script pass3/work/c4q.py); C4ADS Breaking the Bank; UK notice 16 July 2026; STPT drugs paper; 6 searches across Sheikan (3), Safat/Yarmouk (2), Free Zones (2), Martyr Organization (1), Hypokwan (1). Not searched on the web for lack of budget: Wafra, Brouj, Advanced Mining Works, Rida Engineering, Military Commercial Corporation, Saria, Karari.
3d. Omdurman National Bank <-> Zadna via the Social Security Fund
Confirmed as sister companies under common control of the SFSSAF (C4ADS calls Zadna 'part of ONB's shareholding network'; EU gives SFSSAF 99% of Zadna). No direct transaction, loan or cross-shareholding between the bank and Zadna was found; Zadna is not among the bank's listed shareholders.
›What was searched
C4ADS Breaking the Bank (text); dataset. Bank annual reports unavailable (site unreachable in earlier passes).
4. OpenCorporates
Web search pages work without login (API needs a key). Hits recorded: Matz Holdings and Matz Dungash (Cyprus, dissolved), Safat Air (CY) Limited (possible match, unconfirmed), Zadna International Company for Investment LLC (Virginia; possible match, unconfirmed), Expresso Telecom Group Ltd (Dubai; probable). No hits: Safat Aviation, Sur International Investment, Etegahat, Sudan Master Technology, Elsewedy Giad. 'Giad' and 'Zawaya' hits are unrelated namesakes.
›What was searched
11 name queries; 5 detail pages.
Turkish company that supplied ammunition belts and weapons boxes to Ports Engineering
Still unnamed by OFAC. Karmetal (via Bond Technologies FZE) remains the only documented candidate and matches the description; it is not on the SDN list and denies the goods were military.
›What was searched
One web search (English/Turkish); OFAC SDN XML for Karmetal and Bond Technologies; FRANCE 24 text re-read.
Whether chlorine diversion was knowing, and by whom
No evidence of knowledge by Chemtrade; the end-use story given to it was false in checkable respects. Knowledge inside Ports Engineering is assessed, not shown. Egypt-origin cylinders rest on one intercepted message.
›What was searched
As above.
SBL Energy: 10 consignments or 200 shipments
Indian customs data show eleven monthly export entries and about 7,080 tonnes between December 2024 and January 2026, which can fit both counts depending on the unit. Not resolved at shipment level.
›What was searched
UN Comtrade monthly API (India, 2024-2026); ten aggregator URLs (blocked or empty); three web searches.
NamesSBL Energy
Iran in 2026
SAF says purchases have stopped (one unnamed source, June 2026); the State Department disputes that Islamist factions have cut ties. No 2026 delivery or flight found.
›What was searched
Three web searches; RANE, FDD, Washington Institute, Citizen Digital. Bloomberg not opened.
NamesIran
Eritrea
Official statements of support (grade A, no military content); aircraft relocation (grade C, one source); training camps as already recorded. Arms transit is not established and its main sources are sponsored or Ethiopian. No UN Panel or Fact-Finding Mission reference.
›What was searched
Four web searches; Eritrean Ministry of Information site; UN Panel reports S/2024/65 and S/2025/239 and A/HRC/63/23 by text search; STPT eastern Sudan paper.
NamesEritrea
Incidents linking foreign-supplied systems to civilian deaths
Yabus market remains the only case with a UN finding; recorded with the mission's own wording.
›What was searched
One web search; A/HRC/63/23 text.
1. Named buyers of gold from army-held Sudan
Egypt: Egyptian-Sudanese Company (2-3 t in 2025, leaked documents, grade C). Saudi Arabia: Saudi Gold Refinery Company, intent only. UAE, Oman, Qatar, Turkey, India: no buyer named in any source. Kaloti documented only for 2012-2019. Sky Vision Airlines lead not corroborated and the name matches an Egyptian carrier with no listed Sudan or Oman route.
›What was searched
SWISSAID (Nov 2025 release; the full study PDF again not obtained), CORRECTIV May 2026, swissinfo Nov 2025, Global Witness 2020, C4ADS Bullion for Bullets (read in full by keyword), STPT Oct 2024 and Jul 2026 PDFs, Chatham House text on disk, Bloomberg Apr 2026, Reuters Oct 2025, Africa Confidential Feb 2026, African Business Sep 2025, MEO Apr 2026, Noon Post (two pieces, both RSF-side), Sudan Tribune (six items), Arabic searches for exporter lists, Oman and Egypt buyers. Not reached: UAE Ministry of Economy good-delivery list and suspension notices, DMCC notices, LBMA statements, the Sudanese exporters' list (unpublished), the Financial Times August 2026 investigation (paywalled; via Semafor it concerns bullion looted by the RSF).
2. Ayin's 35 army, intelligence and allied-movement gold companies
Ayin names none and sources the number to one trader. Nine companies named from records with owning body (see finding). Zero armed-movement companies named. STPT says leaked export lists exist but does not publish them.
›What was searched
Ayin article (Arabic, via reader); one Arabic and one English search for named firms; C4ADS dataset on disk (all mining and gold entities and their parents); C4ADS Bullion for Bullets; STPT gold paper; RVI 2019 briefing; UK notice of 16 Jul 2026. Not reached: Ministry of Minerals concession lists (none found online), Empowerment Removal Committee decisions beyond the C4ADS extract.
3b. Central bank's nine correspondent banks - current status
Official page unchanged on 3 Oct 2026 (same nine). Still undated; no bank has confirmed. Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank's Sudan branch was liquidated in June 2026 (pass 2).
›What was searched
cbos.gov.sd page read directly.
3c. El Nilein Bank Abu Dhabi after the August 2025 rupture
Reuters (21 Oct 2025) confirms it remained the main government channel. No closure or regulatory action found. Exports to the UAE fell to US$7.7m in Q1 2026, so its role as a gold-proceeds account has shrunk.
›What was searched
Arabic and English searches; UAE central bank results reviewed; central bank Q1 2026 review.
NamesEl Nilein BankUAE
5. Professional enablers beyond FARA
EU Transparency Register and UK consultant-lobbyist returns read directly: nothing for Sudan's government or army companies. UK FIRS register blocked. No auditor, PR firm or delisting counsel identified.
›What was searched
EU register XML (2 Oct 2026); UK ORCL CSVs Q1 2023 - Q1 2026 (four of the thirteen quarterly files are very short and may be incomplete); one search on EU General Court actions; one on UK/EU lobbying. Not reached: CURIA, UK Companies House filings for auditors, OFAC delisting counsel.
7. Foreign money into army-controlled authorities since April 2023
Official table: US$1.2bn in 2025, almost all multilateral or commodity grants; zero bilateral. No state deposit found. New: Belarus export-credit framework (no amount). Port and mining concession fees: only the reported US$300m Chinese copper deal, company unnamed.
›What was searched
Central bank Q1 2026 review (Tables 2, 3, 9, 10); three searches on Saudi, Qatar, Turkey, Russia support (English, Arabic); Belarus items; Asharq Al-Awsat on the 2026 budget. Not found: any figure for defence spending in the 2026 budget; any Qatari or Turkish credit; Egyptian electricity or fuel credit.
3. Gold to Egypt: controlling units, checkpoints, officials, companies; Shalateen allegation; Egyptian seizures and prosecutions
Egyptian enforcement in 2026 documented (223 arrests, 450 sentenced, Aswan arms seizure). Shalateen profile built; the allegation stays single-source and its original publisher is unknown. No Sudanese unit or official named anywhere.
›What was searched
4 web searches (EN/AR); Beam Reports, Atar 48, Noon Post/MEE, Majalla, Arabi21, Asharq Al-Awsat, Ahram. MEE's January 2025 gold piece and Al-Araby's interactive gold investigation (403) were not read.
NamesEgypt
4. Commodity rackets: sesame, livestock/meat, charcoal, fuel, scrap/copper, gum arabic, antiquities
Gum arabic: new OHCHR paper (grade A). Sesame: SAF territorial control of Al Fashaga (Chatham House), no racket documented. Charcoal and livestock smuggling: nothing found. Fuel, scrap, antiquities: not re-searched; earlier findings stand.
›What was searched
3 web searches (EN/AR); OHCHR PDF, Chatham House chapter (summary), Sudan Tribune, Dabanga site search (returned nothing relevant on charcoal or sesame). PAX's 2025 gum arabic report, cited by OHCHR, was not opened.
5. Drugs: seizures and prosecutions; officers or commanders charged or convicted; Sudan Shield allegation
2026 seizures listed. Joint Force members and vehicles tied to contraband and drug cases through official statements relayed by Sudan Tribune (grade C). No charged or convicted officer or commander found. Sudan Shield allegation marked unsupported.
›What was searched
6 web searches (EN/AR); Sudan Tribune English and Arabic (direct), SUNA via allAfrica, Sudafax, STPT. The River Nile police statement on Joint Force arrests was not located.
6. Detention economies after recapture (Gezira, Sennar, Khartoum)
HRW Apr 2026 establishes the security-cell structure and one money-on-release case; UN reports confirm detention and torture but make ransom findings against the RSF only.
›What was searched
2 web searches (EN/AR); HRW, A/HRC/61/24, OHCHR Khartoum detention report. Not reached: ACJPS, SIHA and Emergency Lawyers originals; Amnesty. Sky News Arabia and Al-Ain items on the 'security cell' appeared in results and were set aside as UAE-aligned.
Sudanese response to the UAE prosecution
saf_armament_committee claim 0 says no Sudanese response was found, but claim 1 and three person records carry the SAF spokesman's "a new lie" rejection (Sudan Tribune, 30 Apr 2025). No response to the April 2026 referral is recorded.
›What was searched
Desk review only.
NamesUAE
1. Core state bodies on Facebook (army, spokesman, Sovereignty Council, Council of Ministers, defence, foreign affairs, minerals/SMRC, finance, central bank, SUNA, HAC, intelligence, police)
Read: armed forces page (3,500 posts, 19 Apr 2023 - 2 Oct 2026); Ministry of Defence (415 posts, 2024-12-24 to 2026-10-02); SMRC (1000 posts, 2025-03-27 to 2026-10-02); Ministry of Finance (750 posts, 2024-02-16 to 2026-10-02); central bank (110 posts, 2022-06-07 to 2026-09-30); prime minister's office (258 posts, 2026-01-26 to 2026-06-16); intelligence service, two pages (200 posts each, 2023 - Sep 2026); police press office (300 posts, 2026-08-06 to 2026-10-03); spokesman's page (59 posts, stale since 12 Mar 2024). New: SMRC's own statements of support to the army; defence-ministry travel to Baku, Doha, Jakarta, Juba; Saudi-led maritime coalition; Belarus financing amount; Chinese debt write-off; central-bank deals with Oman and Azerbaijan. Not found or not usable: no Sovereignty Council page located (a page in Burhan's name was read instead, 200 posts); both foreign-ministry pages found are stale (2018 and 2022); Ministry of Minerals has no page of its own that could be found (its news runs on SMRC's page); the only HAC page found has 532 followers and one post from 2017; SUNA's page posts every few minutes and was only sampled (3 Oct 2026).
›What was searched
Page-plugin embed for each slug; 15 searches restricted to facebook.com; about 150 slug guesses.
2. Military-commercial bodies on Facebook (DIS, Giad, Zadna, SMT, Safat, Yarmouk, Sheikan, ONB, Sudatel, Sudan Gold Refinery, Ariab, Sudamin)
DIS page read in full for the war (635 posts, 2022-12-31 to 2026-10-02): the richest source of this pass. Giad Engineering (70 posts, 2023-03-17 to 2026-06-17) and Giad Motor (300 posts, 2024-09-15 to 2026-10-02): Ports Engineering partnership, Juba branch, otherwise marketing. Zadna: only an agricultural-department page (15 posts to Aug 2026), officialness not established. Ariab (141 posts, Jul 2023 - Sep 2026): community and tender notices, a Chinese delegation visit (Aug 2026), change of director-general (Jul 2026); no army item. Sudamin (10 posts): ownership self-description and the Norinco meeting. ONB (verified; about 750 posts, 5 May 2025 - 2 Oct 2026): banking window and welfare support for the Central Reserve Forces, medical support for the army's Medical Corps, 2025 profit figure. Sudatel (verified; 25 posts): no army-related item. Safat's activity found through DIS and police pages. Not found: pages for Sudan Master Technology (one stale 500-follower page of uncertain identity), Yarmouk, Sheikan; Sudan Gold Refinery's page (75 followers) returned no posts.
›What was searched
Embed for each slug; 6 searches restricted to facebook.com.
3. Mobilisation and donations on Facebook (state Popular Resistance committees, state governments, Zakat Chamber, chambers of commerce; company donations; fundraising abroad; equipment handovers)
Found on the armed forces' page: Northern State Chamber of Commerce handing over combat vehicles (13 Jun 2024, 'from the Dushka to the tank'); River Nile Zakat Chamber support for 'the war effort' (7 May 2024); White Nile governor's convoy (7 Feb 2026); a Merowe bus operators' convoy (Dec 2025); foreign ministry staff donation (23 Dec 2024). Found on SMRC's page: its own convoys and a joint convoy with the River Nile Popular Resistance. No private bank or large private company donor found (the army-owned Omdurman National Bank's in-kind support is recorded under group 2). No fundraising abroad found. State-level Popular Resistance pages were not found by search; a locality page for Managil (unofficial, 70,000 followers; 200 posts, Sep 2025 - Sep 2026) shows local convoys and events run with the intelligence service and names no company donor; state government pages for River Nile, Kassala and Red Sea returned five old posts each; Northern, Gedaref and Gezira state pages were not found. The federal Zakat Chamber page was readable for March 2023 only.
›What was searched
Keyword scan of all 3,500 armed-forces posts and all other pages for donation terms; 6 searches restricted to facebook.com returned almost no Sudanese pages.
4. Embassies on Facebook (foreign embassies in Sudan; Sudanese embassies in Türkiye, Egypt, Russia, China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Eritrea, Pakistan, India, Belarus)
Read: Turkish embassy (150 posts, 2023-03-23 to 2026-09-16): Ziraat Katilim branch, Turkish Airlines route, Karadeniz power ship, port twinning; nothing on defence. Russian embassy (verified; 30 posts to 29 Sep 2026): names the Russian defence ministry representation at Sudan's defence ministry. Chinese embassy (verified; 600 posts, 2025-01-12 to 2026-10-01): no military or security-equipment item. Egyptian embassy (verified): no post after May 2023. Sudan's embassies in Moscow (170 posts, 2022-03-08 to 2026-10-03), Riyadh (205 posts, 2023-02-20 to 2026-09-29), Doha (100 posts, 2026-03-20 to 2026-10-02), Cairo (300 posts, Jan - Oct 2026) and Abu Dhabi (70 posts to Jul 2025): political and consular; Moscow adds the Alliance (Kush) meeting. Not found: pages of Sudan's embassies in Ankara, Beijing, Tehran, Asmara, New Delhi, Minsk; the Islamabad embassy page is stale (2017); no Iranian, Saudi or Eritrean embassy page for Sudan was found; the Qatari embassy slug returned nothing.
›What was searched
Embed for each slug; 5 searches restricted to facebook.com; about 40 slug guesses.
Facebook coverage overall
Route: the public page-plugin embed and its own timeline loader, which page back through a page's public posts without login (five posts per request). The first embed response carries only the page name and follower count; posts come from the plugin's timeline request. 46 pages returned posts, about 11,250 posts in all. Pages with deep coverage: armed forces (Apr 2023 - Oct 2026), DIS (Dec 2022 - Oct 2026), SMRC (Mar 2025 - Oct 2026), finance ministry (Feb 2024 - Oct 2026), defence ministry (Dec 2024 - Oct 2026), intelligence service (2023 - 2026), Turkish embassy (Mar 2023 - Sep 2026), Chinese embassy (Jan 2025 - Oct 2026). Limits: several pages stopped after 5 to 60 posts (state governments, ONB, Zakat Chamber, federal bodies' secondary pages), probably through rate limiting when three readers ran at once, so absence on those pages is not a negative finding; video and image content was not read, only post text; comments were not collected; WebFetch on facebook.com is refused by robots rules; direct page URLs redirect to the login wall and were not pursued. Verification badges could be detected only roughly; where a page's official status is not established this is stated in the claim.
›What was searched
45-search cap: 42 used, almost all restricted to the facebook.com domain to find page slugs; 3 site: queries returned nothing from Facebook; 2 were for corroboration. Full page list with follower counts and date ranges is in facebook_notes.md.
Norin Mining - Norinco parentage
A post on Sudamin's page (16 Jan 2025) lists 'the general manager of Norin Mining' as the representative 'of the Chinese company Norinco' in a meeting with Sudan's minerals minister, SMRC and Sudamin. This shows how Sudanese officials identify the company; it is not a corporate record, and the page's official status is not established (grade C).
›What was searched
Sudamin page via embed; no register opened.
Foreign money into army-controlled authorities since April 2023 (Belarus amount)
Finance ministry, 2 Oct 2026: the Development Bank of Belarus 'will provide in the first phase financing exceeding 100 million dollars' for 17 grain silos and a tractor assembly line. China wrote off RMB 344.5m (about US$50m) of interest-free loans on 28 Jun 2026.
›What was searched
Ministry of Finance page (verified), 750 posts.
Register: United Arab Emirates
Central Bank register read (El Nilein Bank licensed, Abu Dhabi, ID 01.02.02.034.1976.01; no Bank of Khartoum). DMCC directory queried for 40 names (Expresso Telecom Management Services FZCO; two Kaloti companies). DIFC and an Abu Dhabi register via OpenCorporates for 50 names (only Expresso Telecom Group Ltd). National Economic Register, Dubai DET, DAFZA, JAFZA, ADGM, DIFC direct, RAKEZ, Sharjah SEDD, SAIF Zone, Hamriyah, Ajman, Fujairah and TAMM could not be queried (TLS failure, bot walls, CAPTCHA, empty or missing directories). No register entry found for the six prosecuted companies, Bond Technologies FZE, the SBL units, Astraway, Emiral, or any Rida, Giad or Zadna office.
›What was searched
CBUAE register PDFs (Jan 2023, Oct 2025, Aug 2026); DMCC directory endpoint; OpenCorporates ae_du and ae_az; SAIF Zone endpoint; 20+ other hosts probed; 2 web searches.
Names group 1: SAF-linked Sudanese groups and foreign affiliates
Register confirmations: El Nilein Bank's UAE licence (A); Expresso Telecom Management Services FZCO in DMCC (probable Sudatel group company, C). Negative in every register that answered for Giad, SMT, Zadna, Defense Industries System, Sur International, Safat, Yarmouk, Sheikan, Omdurman National Bank, Sudamin, Ariab, Rida, Red Rock, Aswar, Etegahat, the Egyptian-Sudanese Company, Al Zawaya and Matz (beyond pass-3 results). Bank of Khartoum has no CBUAE licence, which conflicts with the dossier's 'Abu Dhabi branch' wording.
›What was searched
CBUAE register; DMCC; OpenCorporates (ae_du, ae_az, my, all jurisdictions); KAP.
Names group 4: cargo airlines on the Port Sudan route
All six operators profiled. Sanctions facts established from the lists (Rubystar, TAE Avia, Aviacon, 224th Flight Unit: grade A; Sky Vision and Air Master: no listing). Specific Port Sudan flights by Air Master (Istanbul, 25 Jun, 15 and 23 Jul 2026) and Sky Vision (Cairo and Ljubljana, 4-5 Aug 2026) corroborated by two flight-data sites (grade C). Not corroborated: Il-76 and An-124 landings at Port Sudan, the Çorlu flights, the density of the pattern. Cargo: not documented by any source. Ownership of the two Egyptian carriers: not found. Posts for TAE Avia EW-356TH and An-124 RA-82040 were not located.
›What was searched
OFAC SDN and advanced files, EU, UK, OpenSanctions exports; Treasury releases jy0512, jy1220, jy2533; Flightradar24 pages for 11 aircraft and the Port Sudan arrivals board; Airportia; company sites; trade press; BIRN/OCCRP; 20 web searches. OpenSky, ADS-B Exchange and adsb.lol archives refused or unreachable.
X (Twitter) coverage overall
Searched through a logged-in browser on 3 October 2026. The useful material is one flight tracker's reporting on cargo flights and a weapons-identification account. Everything is a lead (grade D) unless corroborated elsewhere. Keyword searches return mostly partisan content from both sides.
›What was searched
Eight queries: Port Sudan with aircraft and drone terms; @AfriMEOSINT Port Sudan cargo posts back to June 2026; drone and air-defence terms with Azerbaijan; Arabic and English vessel and weapons terms. Not searched: official SAF and ministry accounts, embassy accounts, posts before June 2026, company responses.
Air logistics: carriers into Port Sudan
Six operators are now named with aircraft registrations and routes. Two (Air Master, Sky Vision) have some corroboration from flight-history pages. What the aircraft carried is documented by no source.
›What was searched
X flight-tracker posts June to October 2026; see the registers thread for sanctions and operator records.
NamesAir Master
Facebook through the browser
The Sovereignty Council's Facebook page (1.4 million followers) carries Facebook's verified badge. Its posts could not be read in bulk: the public embed returns nothing for it and the logged-in page yields a few truncated posts per scroll. The page lists no link to the Telegram channel used in pass 2, so that channel's official status is still unconfirmed. 46 other official pages were read through the public embed (see the Facebook thread).
›What was searched
Page search for the Sovereignty Council, mobilisation committees and state governments; page About and Links sections; in-page search.
Confirmed: nothing found
153c. Baykar <-> Zadna via Mirghani Idris Suleiman
No source shows any relationship between Baykar and Zadna. The reported contract was signed for the Defense Industries System. The link is produced by one person's two roles.
›What was searched
1 search; existing dossier sources. Washington Post original not re-opened.
Azerbaijani defence company that sold Iranian-made UAVs via Ahmad Abdalla / Portex (OFAC jy2789)
Not named anywhere found. OFAC's SDN entries for Abdalla and Portex have no linked Azerbaijani party; Iran Watch repeats Treasury's wording; the Mafi complaint does not mention Azerbaijan.
›What was searched
Three web searches (English, Arabic, Russian/Azerbaijani); OFAC SDN XML; cached US v. Mafi complaint; search-result listings for Iran Watch, Ukrinform, NBC, Reuters. Not searched: Azerbaijani company registers, Africa Intelligence (paywalled), Kharon (subscriber content).
SBL Energy: Indian government response, delisting petition, Dubai subsidiaries
No government statement found. SBL announced a 'formal representation' to Treasury; no filing or outcome reported; still listed. Nothing links S B L Overseas Trading LLC or SBL International Trading FZCO to Sudan shipments, and SBL's statements do not mention them.
›What was searched
Three web searches; OFAC SDN XML; The Hitavada, UNI, Business Today, Scroll.
Sea and air logistics
No vessel, shipping line or forwarder is named for military cargo in any primary or investigative source; one unverified vessel name appears in an opinion article. Air carriers beyond the two already profiled are named only by open-source trackers. No Sudan-related sanctions on carriers.
›What was searched
Five web searches; OFAC SDN XML for nine carrier names; UN reports by text search. Not opened: Bloomberg's December 2024 feature, C4ADS underlying trade records, AIS data.
Pakistan: package status and Shahpar claim
No confirmation, signing or independent corroboration by 3 October 2026. The Sudan Tribune source did not itself name the supplier country.
›What was searched
Two web searches; Reuters April 2026 text (reprint); Sudan Tribune 24 Sept 2026; Security Council Report October 2026 forecast.
NamesPakistan
3a. Named exchange house, hawaladar or bank tied to army or DIS purchases
None named in the Mafi affidavit, the reported indictment, UAE prosecution reporting, OFAC, UK or EU texts. No Abu Dhabi verdict found.
›What was searched
Mafi complaint (full text), MEF report on the indictment, two searches on exchange/hawala (English, Arabic), one on the Abu Dhabi verdict, OFAC SDN keyword scan. CourtListener rate-limited; the indictment itself not read.
NamesShamim MafiUAE
3f. Barter (gold for fuel, wheat or arms)
No documented barter with Russia, Turkey or Iran. Russia's wheat (US$408m in 2025) is recorded as ordinary trade. The only barter-type mechanism documented is local-currency swap trade with Egypt through ESC. The Russian naval-base offer remains a reported offer.
›What was searched
One English search; Interfax; central bank trade tables; The New Arab.
4. Named Islamist / NCP-era financier of the army
None. Analysts' estimates only; US says further designations 'under consideration'.
›What was searched
Two English searches (Sentry, Africa Intelligence, OFAC), one Arabic search (Empowerment Removal Committee), Ayin April 2026, Dabanga July 2026, Sudan Tribune March 2026, OFAC list scan. Turkish- and Malay-language sources not searched.
6. Crypto
No digital-currency address on any Sudan-programme OFAC entry (2 Oct 2026); nothing in vendor material.
›What was searched
OFAC SDN XML scan; two searches (four in total across passes) on Chainalysis, TRM Labs, Elliptic.
1. Egypt route: bribery and rackets at SAF/MI/police/customs checkpoints; exit-visa and passport rackets; named units or officials
Testimony only (MEE 2024: checkpoints let smugglers pass; Beam 2025: one trader alleges coordination with 'border intelligence' and bribes). No unit, checkpoint, tariff, officer or prosecution in any source. Nothing new on the Argeen visa-forgery ring or exit permits.
›What was searched
6 web searches (EN/AR); MEE, Refugees International, The New Humanitarian, Ayin, ACJPS via Dabanga, Freedom United/LSE, Beam Reports, Sudan Tribune (direct), Dabanga site search. Not reached: Mixed Migration Centre 2025-26 snapshots on Egypt, IOM DTM, UNHCR protection monitoring, Clingendael, Mada Masr, Amnesty beyond the 2024 release already held.
NamesEgypt
2. Eastern Sudan: SAF/GIS/police/allied-militia role in kidnap-for-ransom and trafficking of Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees since April 2023
UN Special Rapporteur findings (via Amnesty) concern RSF-held areas. One diaspora-group claim of extortion by unnamed 'armed forces' in Gedaref (Jul 2023, grade D). Gedaref arrest campaign of May 2024 by SAF 2nd Infantry Division involved no reported payment.
›What was searched
4 web searches (EN/AR); Amnesty statement, One Day Seyoum, Sudan War Monitor, EEPA, Sudan Tribune, Dabanga, HRC-Eritrea. The Special Rapporteur's reports and UNHCR protection reports were not opened directly.
NamesEritrea
8. US TIP Report 2026; UNODC World Drug Report and Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
TIP 2026 not published as of 3 Oct 2026. World Drug Report 2026 Highlights names no Sudanese actor. No trafficking-in-persons report later than 2024 located.
›What was searched
3 web searches; state.gov report list and 2026 URLs (404); WDR 2026 Highlights PDF from a library mirror; unodc.org was in maintenance.
9. Nexus between SAF-side actors and transnational criminal organisations, mercenary brokers or arms traffickers
None found, third pass running.
›What was searched
2 web searches; GI-TOC (Dec 2025, earlier pass), ENACT/ISS Dec 2024, GIGA 2024, WDR 2026, Egyptian military statements, UN FFM A/HRC/63/23 (local copy, keyword check).
Register: Malaysia
SSM e-Search takes registration numbers only and needs a CAPTCHA. The SSM mirror on OpenCorporates shows no Giad, Zadna, Sudatel or oil-sector affiliate; only name-similar companies with no stated link (Danfodio Resources, Sudan Cattle Industries (M), PT. Sudan Agrotech, Al-Lion (Sudan), El Khartoum, Giad Travel and Tour, Zawaya). Bursa Malaysia search blocked; Labuan register not found.
›What was searched
SSM page; OpenCorporates jurisdiction my for 38 names; detail pages for 8 companies; Bursa announcements endpoint; Labuan FSA site.
Names group 3: Malaysian leg
No Sudanese state, army or Islamist-era holding identified in Malaysia. Name-similar companies recorded as possible matches, unconfirmed (grade D); the mirror gives no officers, shareholders or dates, and SSM itself cannot be searched by name.
›What was searched
OpenCorporates jurisdiction my, 38 names; 8 detail pages.
Filled
81d. Elsewedy Electric - 45% of Giad Elsewedy Cables
Company's own sustainability reports (2023, 2024, 2025) read in full for Sudan: Giad Elsewedy plant 'not operational in 2023 due to the ongoing conflict'; both Sudan plants not operational in 2024; no 2025 status. April 2019 company release: Sudan 1.1% of 2018 earnings. September 2025: talks on resuming transformer manufacturing. No statement on the C4ADS brass-cup finding. Annual financial statements with the subsidiary list were not found on the company site.
›What was searched
elsewedyelectric.com sustainability PDFs (3); EFG Hermes; SUNA via allAfrica; Al Jazeera; C4ADS commentary (summary); 3 searches.
2 (cont.). Every foreign shareholder or foreign-domiciled entity in SAF-linked chains in the dataset
Listed in the finding 'Foreign shareholders inside SAF-linked ownership chains'. New leads not previously in the dossier: Sermac S.p.A. (Italy) in Giad Sermak; a Rorschach (Switzerland) 'Controls Engineering' entity with 51% of Gia Constport; and eight co-shareholders of Giad and Safat companies of unknown domicile.
›What was searched
All 454 non-person shareholder labels reviewed by eye and by keyword; none of the new names was searched on the web.
NamesGiad (SMT)
3b. Giad <-> Sudamin via Hypokwan Mining
Confirmed: Ministry of Finance inventory shows SMT Engineering 70% and Sudamin 30% in Hypokwan Mining (reg. 43357, 14 Aug 2013), matching Chatham House's 70/30 description of Block 3A. Historical rows only; current status unknown.
›What was searched
C4ADS dataset; Chatham House; 1 Arabic search (nothing).
NamesGiad (SMT)Sudamin
4. Cyprus registrar
Searched officially for Matz Holdings, Matz Dungash, Zawaya, Al Zawaya, Agrogate, Giad, Zadna, Sur International, Safat, Expresso Telecom, Sudatel, Etegahat, Hamash. Results as in the register finding. Detail pages returned an error, so strike-off dates were not obtained.
›What was searched
13 name queries on efiling.drcor.mcit.gov.cy.
Chemical weapons: full documented record
US statements at four OPCW sessions, the Article IX process, the Director-General's position, Sudan's statements and committee, HRW, FRANCE 24/C4ADS shipment table, the two 2025-2026 press investigations and a third expert review are now on file, with customs data that independently confirm the three Chemtrade shipments.
›What was searched
OPCW public document pages for EC-109 to EC-112 and CSP-30 (about 110 PDFs downloaded, Sudan's Arabic scans read by OCR); eight web searches. Not available: Sudan's Article IX replies and interim report (OPCW Catalyst), the Washington Post article itself, the US classified basis.
NamesChemtrade
US v. Mafi after May 2026
Docket titles to 11 September 2026: procedural only.
›What was searched
Cached CourtListener docket page; CourtListener API (rate-limited); one news search.
NamesShamim Mafi
The 12 unattached verified quotations
Six attached as new claims (saf x4, portex, emiral_kush); six written as findings.
›What was searched
clean/verification_unattached.json and verification.json.
Safat aviation group - wartime activity
DIS and police pages: Safat sold a 'Safat 02' helicopter to the Civil Defence (contract 23-24 Sep 2026, delivery 2 Oct 2026) and ran crop-spraying contracts in 2025. Nothing on military aircraft work.
›What was searched
DIS and police press office pages.
NamesSafat aviation group